The Reasoning Page

This page does not solely focus on argumentation in natural language, but broadens the arena to address the issue of the nature and contexts of good reasoning. Thus, the page includes everything from formal logic resources (because in many contexts formal reasoning is good and appropriate reasoning) to resources in rhetoric (despite what Plato thought, persuasion is not inimical to reasoning). I have also included links to reasoning in specific contexts.

Argumentation/Critical Thinking/Informal Logic

• Argument Clinic
  
• Ariadne’s Thread: Experiments in Critical Thinking — arguments on contemporary ethical issues
  
• Abductive
  Inference in Reasoning and Perception
  
• Chains of Reason – wiki
  
• Constructing a Logical Argument — from AtheistWeb
  
• Critical Thinking Core
  Concepts
  
• Critical Thinking & Disinformation
  Links — Humboldt State University Library
  
• *Critical Thinking on the Web
  
• Fallacies
  Leading to Assumptions of Common Sense — Matthew Westra
  
• "Informal Logic" in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  
• Logical Paradoxes
  
• Mission: Critical
  — interactive critical thinking tutorial, from San Jose State University
  
• *Peter Suber’s
  Course-Related Links for Real World Reasoning — some great links here.
  
• Practical Skepticism
  
• *Propoganda Analysis
  Home Page — Aaron Delwiche
  
• Propoganda Techniques:
  Logical Fallacies
  
• Questioning.org
  
• Statistics Every Writer Should Know.
  
• Think.ws. Intellectual
  technology to solve problems created by governmental / organizational technology.
  
• Thinking Critically: A Tutorial — Resource to accompany Invitation to Critical Thinking, 4th edition, by Joel Rudinow and Vincent E. Barry. Password required.
  

Critical Thinking Resources, Handouts, Class Notes, etc.

• Avoiding Common Errors in
  Logic and Reasoning — a writer’s guide
  
• Categorical Syllogisms — Michael Lynch
  
• The Clinical Attitude
  Toward Arguments — Peter Suber
  
• Critical Thinking Is. . .
  
• Evaluating
  Statistical and Causal Arguments — Michael Connelly
  
• Explicating Arguments — Peter Suber
  
• Fallacies
  — Barry Edward
  
• Fallacies
  — The Nizkor Project
  
• The Fallacy Files
  
• Flow
  Chart for Argument Analysis — Michael Connelly
  
• Flow
  Chart for Evaluating Conceptual Premises — Michael Connelly
  
• Flow
  Chart for Evaluating Empirical Premises — Michael Connelly
  
• Flow
  Chart for Analyzing Arguments by Analogy — Michael Connelly
  
• Good Arguments
  and Logical Fallacies
  
• Informal Fallacies I — Michael Lynch
  
• Informal Fallacies II — Michael Lynch
  
• Informal Fallacies III — Michael Lynch
  
• Informal Fallacies
  Handout — Charles Ess, Drury College
  
• Informal
  Fallacies — Michael Connelly
  
• Identifying the argument of an
  essay — Frank Edler
  
• Logic/Critical
  Thinking Class Notes, Section 1 — Michael Connelly
  
• Logic/Critical
  Thinking Class Notes, Section 2 — Michael Connelly
  
• The One-Sided Fallacy — Peter Suber
  
• Reason and
  Argument — lecture notes by Richard Feldman
  
• Reasoning and Pseudo-Reasoning:
  Some examples — Michael Lynch
  
• Sample
  Exam, Philosophy 200 — Michael Connelly
  
• Where Do You Go From
  Here? — Peter Suber
  

Critical Thinking Journals

• Informal Logic
  
• Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines
  
• Thinking: The Journal of Philosophy
  for Children
  

Critical Thinking Papers & Books

• Adler, Mortimer, "Critical Thinking Programs — Why They Won’t Work"
  

Critical Thinking Syllabi

• *Critical Reasoning and Argument, Thomas Bridges
  
• Critical Reasoning — Thomas Hyde
  
• Critical Thinking, Robert Mutti, San Francisco State
  
• Critical Thinking,
  David Peterson
  
• Honors Rhetoric, Frank Williams, Eastern Kentucky U.
  
• Informal Logic and Critical
  Thinking, Rob Loftis, Northwestern U
  
• Introduction to Logic: Critical Thinking, Michael Lynch
  
• Introduction to Philosophy: Logic and Reasoning, Jennifer Case, Kalamazoo College
  
• Introducing Philosophy:
  Logic and Critical Thinking, Ron Barnette, Valdosta State
  
• Logic and Critical Thinking — Chris Beukman — with some lecture notes
  
• Logic
  and Critical Thinking, Michael Connelly
  
• Logic & Inquiry, Diane Bowser, Clarion U. and Art Institute of Pittsburgh
  
• Real World Reasoning:
  Informal Logic for College, Peter Suber, Earlham College
  

Critical Thinking Associations, Centres, etc.

For skeptics’ societies see below, under "Critical Thinking as Skepticism"

• The Centre for Critical Thinking, Sonoma State University
  
• Institute for Critical Thinking
  
• International Society for the Study of Argumentation
  
• Ohio Centre for Critical Thinking Instruction
  
• UMass-Boston’s Graduate Program in Creative and Critical Thinking
  

Conferences

• 20th International Conference
  on Critical Thinking and Education Reform — from the Centre for Critical Thinking
  
• Critical Thinking and the Bible
  in the Age of New Media
  

Useful Tools for Critical Thinking

• Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  
• Onelook Dictionary
  
• Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
  
• Think-L
  — an email discussion list focussed on critical thinking
  

Critical Thinking as Skepticism

• A Skeptical
  Manifesto
  
• BadAstronomy.com
  
• Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims
  of the Paranormal
  
• The Center for Inquiry-West
  
• The Fine Art of Baloney Detection by Carl Sagan
  
• Frequently Questioned Answers
  
• James Randi Educational Foundation
  
• Ontario Skeptics Society for Critical Inquiry
  
• SKEPTIC Bibliography / Home Page
  
• Skeptic News
  
• The Skeptical Gourmet
  
• The Skeptic’s Dictionary
  
• Skeptics Society
  
• Sources of Skeptical Information on the Internet
  

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Formal Reasoning

• Advances in Modal Logic
  
• Australian Logic Home Page

• Automated Reasoning Project
  
• Fuzzy
  Logic FAQ

• Glossary of First-order
  Logic — Peter Suber
  
• Linear Logic
  
• Logic —
  Garth Kemerling
  
• Logic Eprints
  — logic papers online

• Logic Group Preprint Series — logic papers online
  
• The Logic Home Page — Luciano Floridi
  
• Logic Section
  at Paidea: The 20th World Congress of Philosophy
  
• *The Logic Server — Chris Gottshall
  
• Logic Teaching Aids
  
• Logical Systems: Course
  Related Links — Peter Suber

• Mathematical Logic Around the World
  
• Paul Wong’s Logic Page
  
• Quadralay’s Fuzzy Logic Archive
  
• Trivalent Logic (Michael Campbell)
  

Formal Reasoning Software and Tools

• Aristotelean Logic – syllogism tool
  
• Bertrand — Logic software for Macintosh computers
  
• Christian Gottschall’s
  Gateway to Logic — logic software
  
• DC Proof
  
• Deriver – logic software
  (Martin Frické)
  
• Logic Calculators
  
• The Logic Daemon — checks
  validity of formal proofs
  
• Logic Toolbox, John Saetti
  

Formal Reasoning Resources, Handouts, etc.

• Daily Translation — logic examples taken from the daily newspaper. Archive of past examples as well.
  
• Introduction to Logic for
  Liberal Arts and Business Majors
  
• Logicians Notebook — Charles Ess, Drury College
  
• The Logic Quizmaster — Colin Allen & Christopher Menzel
  
• Handouts on Logical
  Systems — Peter Suber
  
• Introduction to Logic — Ed Teall. Online/paper textbook
  
• Propositional Logic I — Michael Lynch
  
• Propositional Logic II — Michael Lynch
  
• Symbolic Logic Handouts — Peter Suber
  
• Truth
  Tables for Complex Statements — Michael Connelly
  
• Truth
  Tables for Compound Statements — Michael Connelly
  

Formal Reasoning Journals

• Annals of Pure
  and Applied Logic
  
• ACM Transactions on Computational Logic
  
• Algebra and Logic
  
• algebra universalis
  
• Archive for
  Mathematical Logic
  
• Argumentation
  
• Association for Symbolic
  Logic Newsletter
  
• Bulletin of Symbolic Logic
  
• From
  the Logical Point of View
  
• Fuzzy Sets and
  Systems
  
• History and Philosophy of Logic
  
• Journal of Applied Non-Classical
  Logics
  
• Journal of Automated
  Reasoning
  
• Journal of the Interest Group
  on Pure and Applied Logics
  
• Journal of Logic and Computation
  
• Journal
  of Logic, Language, and Information
  
• Journal
  of Philosophical Logic
  
• Journal
  of Symbolic Logic
  
• Logic Journal of the Interest Group in Pure Logic
  
• Logical Analysis and History of Philosophy/Philosophiegeschichte
  und logische Analyse
  
• Mathematical Logic Quarterly
  
• Modern Logic
  
• Multiple-Valued Logic: An
  International Journal
  
• Nordic Journal of Philosophical Logic
  
• Notre Dame Journal of Formal Logic
  
• Reports on Mathematical Logic
  
• Studia Logica
  

Formal Reasoning Syllabi

• Advanced Formal Logic, Rob Loftis, Northwestern U.
  
• Elementary
  Formal Logic, Rob Loftis, Northwestern U.
  
• Formal Logic, R. Bombardi. Middle Tennessee State U

• Gödel´s
  Incompleteness Theorems, Rob Loftis, Northwestern U.
  
• Honors
  Rhetoric, Frank Williams, Eastern Kentucky U.
  
• Intermediate Formal
  Logic, Rob Loftis, Northwestern U.
  
• Introducing Philosophy:
  Logic and Critical Thinking, Ron Barnette, Valdosta State
  
• Introduction to Logic, John Saetti
  
• Introduction to Logic,
  Rudy Garnes
  
• Logic,
  Richard Lee, U. Arkansas
  
• Logic and Scientific Reasoning, Robert C. Koons
  
• Logic Courses
  — several courses by Selmer Bringsjord
  
• Logic,
  Probability, and Decision-Making, Josh Jorgensen
  
• Logic, Sets, and Functions, Robert Koons
  
• Logical and Critical Thinking, Andrew Ward, San Jose State
  
• Logical Systems, Peter Suber, Earlham College
  
• Symbolic Logic, Frank Williams, Eastern Kentucky U.
  
• Symbolic Logic, Peter Suber, Earlham College
  

Formal Reasoning Associations, Centres, etc.

• Association for Symbolic Logic
  
• British Logic Colloquium
  
• FoLLI: the European Association for Logic,
  Language and Information
  
• Kurt Goedel Society
  
• Interest Group in Pure and Applied
  Logics
  
• Research Groups in Logic
  and Theoretical Computer Science
  

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History of Logic

• 12th Century Logic Homepage
  
• History and Philosophy of Logic (journal)
  
• Mediaeval Logic and Philosophy
  

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Rhetoric

• Bibliography for Rhetoric
  and Professional Communication
  
• The Forest of Rhetoric (silva rhetoricae) — classical rhetorical terms
  
• Rhetnet —
  Rhetoric and Writing
  
• Rhetorical Studies,
  Theory, and Philosophy (U. of Iowa)
  

Rhetoric Resources, Handouts, etc.

• Glossary of Literary
  Terms and Handbook of Rhetorical Devices
  
• Glossary of Rhetorical
  Terms with Examples
  

Rhetoric Syllabi

Journals

• Philosophy and Rhetoric
  
• Rhetorica
  
• Transcultural Rhetoric
  

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Reasoning in context

Creative Thinking

• Brainstorming.co.uk
  
• Innovation House
  
• Odyssey of the Mind
  Creativity Site
  

Puzzles, Examples, etc.

• Conceptis Puzzles
  
• Home Page for Thought
  Experiments
  
• Logic Puzzles
  
• Mathematics & Problem Solving — examples to download
  
• Paradoxes
  
• Paradoxes
  
• The Ultimate Puzzle Site
  
• Zeno’s Coffeehouse
  — puzzles and contests
  

Logic and Reasoning in Computing, Technology & Science

• Closedminded Science — lots of links on skepticism and dissent in science
  
• Compulog Net — Links on computational logic
  
• Critical Literacy: The
  WWW’s Great Potential — paper
  
• Critical Resources in Teaching with Technology
  
• Critical Thinking in an On-line
  World
  
• The Decline of Reason? — Jere H. Lipps
  
• The Diagrammatic Reasoning Site
  
• Turing Test
  — Lots of links on the famous test proposed by Alan Turing
  

Logic and Reasoning in the Social World

• Errors and Biases in
  Reasoning — from a psychology course by G. Fong
  
• Psychoanalytic
  and Scientific Reasoning — G. Watkins
  
• Try The
  Prisoner’s Dilemma online
  

Logic and Reasoning in the Academic World

• Critical Thinking
  
• Trying
  to Understand the Program of Educational Reform through Critical Thinking Across the Disciplines — Andrew Chrucky
  
• Critical Thinking Core
  Concepts — from "Critical Thinking Across the Curriculum"
  
• Inquiry: Critical Thinking Across
  the Disciplines
  

Reasoning in the Arts

• Museums that have
  critical thinking components & resources
  

Reasoning in the Media

• Adcritic.com
  
• Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting (FAIR)
  
• Opinion Pages
  

Reasoning in Politics and Public Affairs

• Analysis for Bias
  — critique of Pat Robertson
  

Reasoning in the Professions

Education (K-12)

• Big6 Matrix: Information Literacy Standards
  
• Critical Thinking in the Classroom
  
• Detective
  Fiction: Focus on Critical Thinking — New Haven Teacher’s Institute
  
• Educational Standards and Curriculum
  Frameworks for Reasoning and Thinking
  
• Inquiry and Problem Solving — for math and science teachers
  
• Linguistics Olympics — problem solving using language for secondary school students
  

Law

• LSAT Intelligent Solutions
  — sample tests and logical puzzles as used on the law school admittance test. Logical reasoning tutorial here.
  
• Legal Reasoning
  

Medicine

• MCAT Sample Tests
  

Reasoning Outside of Western Contexts

• Asian Philosophy and Critical
  Thinking: Divergence or Convergence? — Soraj Hongladarom
  
• Critical Thinking
  Education Faces the Challenge of Japan — Bruce W. Davidson